If you have not yet read the book “Personality Plus” by Florence Littauer; you have, by now, certainly heard of the 4 personality profiles she refers to in the book as a basis for learning how to relate and interact with others: choleric, melancholy, sanguine, and phlegmatic. In hearing these words in the conversation of many, from CEOs to pastors, and especially among members of Generation Y, I’ve experienced a steady, subtle agitation when approached with the concept. Upon further study, and with no desire to judge Florence or any other psychologist, (Christian or otherwise) I would like to humbly present my case against the use of psychometrics (psychological measurement of knowledge, attitudes, and personality through instruments such as questionnaires, tests, and personality assessments) to label men and women as a certain “personality type.”
Let’s start at the beginning, which is most likely much earlier than you might’ve expected. Sometime around 400 BC, the Greek physician Hippocrates developed a medical theory from an ancient medical concept called Humorism. Tracing it’s origins to ancient Egypt or Mesopotamia, humorism is a now discredited theory of the makeup and workings of the human body adopted and held by most Greek, Roman, and European physicians until the advent of modern medical research in the nineteenth century. The theory held that the human body was filled with four substances, called four humors, which are in perfect balance when a person is healthy. When a person suffered from a surplus or imbalance of one fluid, then his or her physical health and personality would be affected.
The four humors were:
Black bile, Yellow bile, Blood, and Phlegm
This ancient belief in “humors” has now, through the use of modern science and medicine become quite “humorous”. (sorry couldn’t resist) Just take a look at these two definitions of phlegm in the Merriam-Webster dictionary:
Phlegm: ________________________________________________
1. thick, sticky, stringy mucus secreted by the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract, as during a cold or other respiratory infection.
2. one of the four humors of ancient and medieval physiology, thought to cause sluggishness, apathy, and evenness of temper.
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We now know that the body responds to infection or sickness with God-given “healing mechanisms” that produce more fluid(s) to help remove sickness. At times, fluids can also decrease as a result of sickness or disease. Humorism incorrectly stated that an excess or lack of these fluids preceded disease or sickness, and personality traits!
Around 200 AD, enter: Claudius Galenus, a prominent Roman physician and philosopher, who’s understanding of anatomy and medicine was largely influenced by the theory of humorism as advanced by Hippocrates. “Galen” as he is now known, was the first to develop “temperamental categories” or “psychological types”. He named them sanguine, melancholic, choleric, and phlegmatic.
Early 1900’s, enter: Carl Gustav Jung, a Swiss psychiatrist who was the originator of Analytical Psychology. Analytical psychology was a method rooted in Galen’s theories which studied unconscious forces and motivations underlying individuals behavior, to employ the unconscious mind as the source of healing and development in the individual. Jung published his theories in his 1921 book “Psychological Types.”
1962, enter: Katharine Cook Briggs and her daughter Isabel Briggs Myers, original developers of the personality assessment test: “The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator” (MBTI). The test, first published in 1962, was a questionnaire designed to measure psychological preferences in how people perceive the world and make decisions. These preferences were taken from the theories proposed by Carl Jung. If you’ve taken a personality assessment test, it was most likely the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator questionnaire.
Meet CPP Inc.
CPP, Inc. is the leading publisher and provider of products and services for individual and organizational psychological development. CPP published the definitive reference source for the MBTI titled “The Manual”. As the MBTI exam began to gain ground in our culture, some employers began to use the assessment when hiring new employees, hoping it might be a predictor of which potential employees might be best suited for the job. The use of the MBTI as a predictor of job success has not been supported in studies, and its use for the purpose is now expressly discouraged in “The Manual”. Many academic psychologists have criticized the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator instrument, claiming that it “lacks convincing validity data”, and studies have shown the statistical validity and reliability to be low.
The MBTI Manual also states that the assessment test is “designed to implement a theory”, the theory of personality types.
Theory: _______________________________________________
a: a hypothesis assumed for the sake of argument or investigation
b: an unproved assumption
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Now that I’ve puked up all the information… let’s get to the point.
I believe it’s crystal clear that the “personality type theory” is rooted in ancient, inaccurate, medical and psychological beliefs systems. However… it is undeniable that a person’s personality can be measured through assessment tests like the MBTI (or simple observation and discernment for that matter). While we may be able to observe and measure a person’s personality traits through these tests, my argument is against labeling a person as a certain personality. Labeling a person can give the impression that their personality is fixed. If we falsely believe that personality tests are scientifically proven and objective, many will believe the results emphatically, and believe there current personality is permanent.
Personality is defined as “the visible aspect of one’s character as it impresses others”, or “the sum total of the physical, mental, emotional, and social characteristics of an individual”.
Either of these definitions make it very clear that our personality is merely the outward expression of our inward man. At best, measuring our personality and taking the results to God in prayer could provide insight into what areas of our life we may need to grow spiritually. Here is just one of many scriptures calling us to greater character and newness of mind as we strive to become like Christ. From Ephesians:
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“If so be that ye have heard him, and have been taught by him, as the truth is in Jesus: that ye put off concerning the former conversation the old man, which is corrupt according to the deceitful lusts; and be renewed in the spirit of your mind; and that ye put on the new man, which after God is created in righteousness and true holiness.” ____________________
Carl Jung actually stated that personality traits are akin to “right-handedness” or “left-handedness”. Meaning, if you’re born right handed, through practice and continued use, you can become proficient in using your left hand. Personality can, and does change. As a matter of fact, studies show that between 39% and 76% of those tested fall into different personality types upon retesting some weeks or years later. For the sake of the length of this post I will not go into examples of positive and negative aspects of the different personalities. I will challenge you to take what you know of your personality, (whether or not you have been “labeled”), and measure it against the revealed character of Christ that we see in His Word.
Take the test if you’d like. Maybe even once a year. But watch yourself closely and guard against using the results as an excuse to settle into a mode of living and relating to others that may be less than what Christ has clearly called us to as His followers. As His followers, we must remember that the world is watching us, and in every situation we must give them Christ. If Christ in any given situation stretches outside the bounds of what I believe my personality has to offer, I must go to the prayer closet and receive an infilling of the Holy Spirit and power to become more like Him in every way.
Lord may it be so in my life.
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October 19, 2011
Categories: right living . Tags: Bible, choleric, christianity, Holy Spirit, jesus, melancholic, personality, personality plus, personality type, phlegmatic, sanguine . Author: brandonhutzell . Comments: Leave a comment